Hi Howard. Thank you for the post. But for me the experience of addiction, properly understood, is neither a disease to be cured—though it has aspects of a disease—nor a problem to be eliminated. On the contrary, the experience of addiction is the individual’s attempt to solve a quandary. Before we can accurately address the experience of addiction, this simple fact gets to be understood. What is the problem that the experience of addiction is meant to resolve? As the Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards wrote about his own heroin habit, it can be a search for oblivion. He writes of “the contortions we go through just not to be ourselves for a few hours.” Why would a person long to escape themselves? Because, as a result of their life experiences, they are intensely distressed and may feel trapped within their situation. To put it another way, all the addictive substances (and addictive behaviors) soothe pain or at least distract from pain. Specifically, substances like opiates are powerful painkillers, both physical and emotional; as is cocaine; as is alcohol. Hence, the question is not why the the experience of addiction, but why the pain? And, again, the answer resides neither in genes nor in “choices,” but in the lives and experiences of the individual.